34th Annual Scientific Meeting proceedings

Facilitated ankylosis and surgical arthrodesis are key salvage procedures for managing debilitating joint disease and trauma in farm animals, particularly when preservation of joint function is no longer feasible. Both aim to restore pain-free, weight-bearing locomotion and extend productive lifespan.

Arthrodesis involves surgical debridement of articular cartilage and joint stabilization through internal fixation (e.g., plates, screws) to achieve permanent fusion. It is indicated for severe degenerative joint disease, irreparable articular fractures, and joint instability following soft tissue disruption. Facilitated ankylosis, by contrast, relies on promoting natural fusion without implants—typically through cartilage removal (drilling, curettage, motorized burrs) or chondrocyte destruction via intra-articular agents (e.g., ethanol), laser application, or electrosurgery. It is especially suited for chronic septic arthritis where implant placement would be contraindicated.

Joint selection and technique vary by species and location. Facilitated ankylosis is commonly used in the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) for septic arthritis, with dorsal, abaxial and plantar/palmar approaches described. Arthrodesis is preferred for the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ), fetlock, carpus, shoulder, tarsus, and vertebral fusion, especially where load-bearing stress is significant.

Clinical outcomes depend heavily on primary disease, joint selection, surgical technique, and post-operative management. Reported complications include infection, implant failure, and contralateral limb overload. Ethical considerations regarding animal welfare, prognosis, and farm economics must guide case selection.

Emerging techniques—including use of PRP, stem cells, bone grafts, and 3D-printed implants—may further refine outcomes. Ultimately, case selection, precise technique, and a sound understanding of joint biomechanics remain critical to success.

References

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